Recordings for Credit

This webinar recording will explore unusual or complex issues cases, including notices to vacate, tax foreclosures, immediate possession bonds, appeals, payment of rent into the registry of the court, and writs of procedendo and dealing with your county court.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 2 total hours, including 2 civil hours. 

In certain situations, tenants have “special” rights beyond those normally presented in an eviction case. These rights are often triggered by statutes such as the Bankruptcy Act, the Protecting Tenants at Foreclosure Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, and Section 8 of the Housing Act. This class will examine issues presented under these statutes and how to handle them.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional materials. 

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hours, including 1.5 civil hours. 

A wide array of legal needs have been created or impacted by severe winter storm of February 2021. This session will provide an overview of the legal needs arising after a disaster, the timeline over which issues have emerged, and are expected to emerge, and an overview of laws impacting the rights of tenants who were affected by the disaster. Join Texas RioGrande Legal Aid for this presentation. 

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

The Texas Apartment Association Lease has been the industry standard and widely used by property owners and management companies in Texas since 1970. And yes, it’s changed a lot over the years—just like the judiciary and the law has changed. The new TAA official statewide lease form – TAA’s “Lease 2.0” – has been significantly revised and will be released mid-February.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to view additional handouts. 

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hours, including 1.5 civil hours. 

This webinar recording will go through each step of the bond forfeiture process in justice courts and address how and when a court may impose an appearance bond.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional handouts. 

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for .5 total hours, including 0 civil hours. 

This webinar will discuss Chapter 62 of the Parks and Wildlife Code.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for .5 total hours, including 0 civil hours. 

Criminal justice reform trends are making expunctions more frequent in justice court. This course will explain when it is proper to grant expunctions and what types of expunctions are within the jurisdiction of justice court.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 0 civil hours. 

This webinar will cover issues related to theft by check and issuance of bad check cases.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hours, including 0 civil hours.

Note: The recorded time of this webinar is shorter than the 1 hour credit, as it includes required self-study and activities where the student will pause the recording. Total time spent including activities is 1 hours or longer.

This webinar recording will cover some difficult and non-standard issues in civil cases in justice court. Topics such as service issues and default judgments, deceased parties, and enforcement of civil judgments will be discussed.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hours, including 1.5 civil hours. 

This webinar recording will cover the basics of issuance and service of the citation and default judgments.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional materials. 

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

This webinar recording will use examples and scenarios to answer the main questions in these cases - what does the creditor have to prove and how do they prove it?

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional materials. 

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hour, including 1.5 civil hour. 

This webinar recording will use examples and scenarios to answer the main questions in these cases - what does the creditor have to prove and how do they prove it?

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hours, including 1.5 civil hours. 

This webinar will use scenarios from contract cases that arise in justice court to explain basic contract principles, including when and how a contract is formed, when a contract might be unenforceable, common defenses that might be raised by a defendant, and how to calculate damages.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 2 total hours, including 2 civil hours. 

How will the jurisdictional increase affect your court? Watch this video to find out how. 

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Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 2 total hours, including 2 civil hours. 

Using a car accident case as an interactive case study, students in this webinar will go through the steps of processing and entering a final judgment in a case of personal injury or property damage.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hours, including 1.5 civil hours. 

Note: The recorded time of this webinar is shorter than the 1.5 hour credit, as it includes required self-study and activities where the student will pause the recording. Total time spent including activities is 1.5 hours or longer.

This webinar will cover the types of damages in civil cases, including compensatory damages, attorney's fees, and pre- and post-judgment interest, and how to calculate them.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

This webinar will cover several different types of civil lawsuits, including what the plaintiff must prove in order to be awarded a judgment, and defenses that a defendant may raise.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 3 total hours, including 3 civil hours. 

In this recording, students will take on standard civil procedure issues from filing through judgment.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

Attorneys and self-represented litigants frequently file motions that a judge has never seen before. Sometimes these motions are proper, sometimes they are appropriate in other courts, sometimes they are named incorrectly, and sometimes they are completely the work of the litigant’s imagination. This webinar will discuss a variety of motions that justice courts might encounter and what options the judge has to handle them. 

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hours, including 1.5 civil hours. 

Note: The recorded time of this webinar is shorter than the 1.5-hour credit, as it includes required self-study and activities where the student will pause the recording. Total time spent including activities is 1.5 hours or longer.

This webinar recording will explore who is responsible when someone gets hurt on another person's property? This recording will explain what duties the property owner has, and when they are liable for the injuries of another.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hours, including 1.5 civil hours. 

A part of TJCTC's Future is Now webinar series, this webinar will look at the future of autonomous cars. Brad Null, Senior Software Engineer from monoDrive will join Bronson Tucker, TJCTC Director of Curriculum, to discuss how autonomous cars will affect justice courts in the future. 

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handout.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour.

This webinar will provide an update on filing and appealing civil cases in justice courts, including the changes in filing fees made by SB 41.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handout.

Click here to download the Costs and Fees Cheat Sheet

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour.

This webinar recording will cover the requirements for juvenile magistration and detention, including special admonitions that are given to juveniles and when they are necessary.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the handouts. 

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hours, including 0 civil hours. 

This webinar will provide an overview of the law that applies to juvenile cases in justice court. It will explore current trends and recent legislation and the impact on the current court policies and procedures.

Click here to view the recording. (Link coming soon)

Click here to download the handout.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 2 total hours, including 0 civil hours. 

This webinar recording will explain the process followed by the State Commission on Judicial Conduct in assessing a complaint and offer suggested best practices if a response to a complaint is required.

Click here to view the recording. 

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

This webinar recording will cover procedures for covering public records requests. By the end of the webinar, you will be able to determine whether a record is a court case record or a judicial record and apply the correct procedures for responding to a record request. 

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 0.5 total hours, including 0.5 civil hours.

This webinar recording will assist you in dealing with individuals who claim to be members of the “Republic of Texas” and do not recognize the authority of the judicial system or the State of Texas over them.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for .5 total hours, including .5 civil hours. 

On this webinar recording, Bonnie Zuber from the Texas State Library and Archives Commission will discuss requirements and best practices for retaining court records and documents

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for .5 total hours, including .5 civil hours. 

This webinar recording will cover the sometimes-blurry line between a court providing legal information, which is allowable and encouraged, and legal advice, which is barred by the Code of Judicial Conduct. Practical scenario examples will be given and discussed.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

With more court activities moving online, now is the time to review your office’s cybersecurity practices. Make sure your staff knows the most common cybersecurity issues and how to prepare for them beforehand. Join us for our “Spring Cleaning series” for a discussion of simple cyber security best practices that can protect your court and office’s data.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional handouts. 

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

In times of emergency, the public often looks to the courts and public offices for answers. Suddenly JP courts and Constable offices are expected to know the answers to many county issues, while also dealing with potential backlogs and other court and office business that has been complicated by COVID-19. Join us for our “Spring Cleaning series” where we will discuss how to take care of ourselves and our staff during this stressful time.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional handouts. 

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

This webinar will address ethical issues that could arise in the day-to-day running of your court, including social media issues, demeanor, and a court’s legal obligations.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hours, including 1.5 civil hours. 

Ready to start doing Zoom hearings, but unsure where to begin? Join us for a quick and easy walk through those steps with some best practice tips!

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 0.5 total hours, including 0.5 civil hours. 

In this recording, students will learn about child disability issues that could impact how the court should handle juvenile cases, including both criminal and truancy cases. Students will apply what is learned by participating in real-world scenario activities and discussions.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 2 total hours, including 2 civil hours. 

Self-represented litigants are common in justice courts. This course will examine the role of justice courts with respect to providing procedural fairness in every case, regardless of who the parties are.

What if I already took this course at a live seminar?
If you attended a live seminar with TJCTC this year in Galveston, Austin, or San Antonio, you already received this course and do not need to retake it. 

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 2 total hours, including 2 civil hours. 

Are you ready to get back to jury trials? Hoping to clear some of your backlogged trials? Let Judge Chu and his staff guide you through the process they used to hold the 1st virtual jury trial in the nation

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

Join Gavin Steiger from Texas State University as he covers best practices for making your court and office an inclusive environment for people with disabilities. 

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional handouts. 

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

Justice court touches the lives of many citizens in Texas. Their experience in court can directly affect their trust and confidence in justice. This webinar will lead participants through discussions on how justices of the peace and court personnel can understand and expand upon diversity, fairness, and access issues for LGBTQ+ folks in their courts and offices. Our speaker will be Professor Todd Brower, Judicial Education Director at the Williams Institute at the UCLA School of Law. The webinar will qualify for 1 civil hour of judicial education credit.

Click here to view the recording

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

This course will discuss best practices for docket management. Topics will include best practices for different kinds of dockets and for handling virtual docket management, as well as ideas for moving through a backlog of cases. Panelists include Hon. Valencia Nash (Dallas County) and Hon. Nick Chu (Travis Count) and is moderated by Rebecca Glisan.

Click here to view the recording.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

Who needs an interpreter for what and when? It can be confusing with tedious statutes that apply differently in criminal and civil cases. Join us for a class that makes it easier to figure out how to handle these situations correctly so you will have confidence the next time the need for an interpreter arises.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint Handout

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 0.5 civil hours. 

This webinar will provide an overview of the sweeping changes to the bail landscape made by SB 6 (“The Damon Allen Act”) including information on signing up for and using the Public Safety Report System (PSRS).

The recording and handouts are available on our Bail Education page. 

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 2 total hours, including 0 civil hours. 

PLEASE NOTE: This webinar has a SPECIAL certification form to fill out if you are seeking education for the SB6 requirements. Visit our Bail Education page for more information. 

This webinar recording will explain the correct procedures to follow when someone applies for a peace bond and when a peace bond is issued.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional handouts 

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 0 civil hours. 

This webinar will address issues that arise in mental health warrants including when hospitals and doctors are involved, determining imminent harm, and best practices for working with mental health providers in your county.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hour, including 0 civil hours. 

This webinar recording will cover procedural topics relating to search warrants issued for the purpose of seizing the blood of a person arrested for an intoxication-related criminal offense.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for .5 total hours, including 0 civil hours. 

This webinar recording will address procedural issues relating to setting, monitoring, and enforcing bond conditions in DWI cases.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for .5 total hours, including 0 civil hours. 

Search warrants are not “one size fits all.” This course will help you understand the difference between search warrants, administrative warrants, blood warrants, evidentiary warrants, cell phone warrants, and contraband warrants, as well as when a justice of the peace can – and cannot – issue each.  

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hours, including 0 civil hours. 

A part of TJCTC's Future is Now webinar series, this webinar will look at the future of setting bail. Matthew Alsdorf, Found and President of Pretrial Advisors, will join Bronson Tucker, TJCTC Director of Curriculum, to discuss the future of setting bail including new technologies and practices.

Click here to view the recording.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hours, including 0 civil hours.

Correctly issuing Magistrate's Orders of Emergency Protection is one of the most critical function that a justice of the peace performs. This course will discuss the cycle of violence and cover when to issue an EPO, what conditions to include, and how to report the order of the database as required by law.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to view the powerpoint handout. 

Click here to view additional handouts. 

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 2 total hours, including 0 civil hours.

This webinar recording will discuss environmental enforcement hearings, such as septic violations and other public nuisance issues, filed in justice court. The webinar will address when the court has jurisdiction and how to process these cases.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

This webinar recording will feature a discussion of Chapter 49 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and other information relating to autopsies and the transport of bodies.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

This webinar recording will cover inquest reporting issues related to death certificates, child fatalities, and opioids.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for .5 total hours, including .5 civil hours. 

This webinar will provide a forum for discussion about inquests. Participants will have the chance to ask a medical examiner questions about cause and manner of death, how inquests and autopsies have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and other tricky issues.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download the additional handouts. 

Click here to download Death Investigation Tips. 

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

This webinar will answer your questions about the causes of death versus symptoms and relieve anxiety about the reporting process. 

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

This webinar will provide a forum for discussion about magistration and inquests. Participants will have the chance to ask questions and pose scenarios to learn more about tricky situations that arise. 

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

Listen as Dr. Pinckard, Travis County's Chief Medical Examiner discusses autopsies and other testing that is available to justices of the peace during their inquest investigations. You will also get a view into the state-of-the-art Travis County Medical Examiner's Office and the technology used by Dr. Pinckard and his staff

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

On this recording, Dr. Corinne Stern, Webb County Chief Medical Examiner, will discuss tricky issues that may arise during a death investigation. Viewers will learn more about mass casualties, unidentified bodies, and how cadaver dogs work with the medical examiner’s office.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional handouts. 

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hours, including 1.5 civil hours. 

Join the chiefs from the oldest and newest medical examiner’s offices in Texas for an interactive discussion about all things related to death investigations. Participants will have the chance to hear two different points of view on how medical examiners conduct death investigations from Dr. Stephen Pustilnik, Fort Bend County's Chief Medical Examiner, and Dr. Kim Molina, Bexar County's Chief Medical Examiner. 

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hours, including 1.5 civil hours. 

Organ donations don’t occur often during inquests, but when they do, it can be challenging to make sure you're following all the rules. Join us for a webinar by Donate for Life Texas to have all your questions answered

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1 total hour, including 1 civil hour. 

This webinar recording will discuss processing pre-judgment discovery motions and post-judgment discovery requests, including motions to compel and appropriate sanctions.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hours, including 1.5 civil hours. 

This webinar recording will provide a look at drug impaired driving trends and how drug use impacts a person's ability to drive.

Click here to view the recording.

Click here to download the PowerPoint handouts.

Click here to download additional handouts.

After you have watched the webinar, please fill out our online certification form for credit.

Judicial Education Credit Hours
This webinar counts for 1.5 total hour, including 0 civil hour. 

Note: The recorded time of this webinar is shorter than the 1.5 hour credit, as it includes required self-study and activities where the student will pause the recording. Total time spent including activities is 1.5 hours or longer.